The article focuses on the ritual circumcision in several African countries. Topics discussed include the study on the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection through circumcision, circumcision test trials in Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda which shows that tribal genetic factors, artificial clinical situation, and validity-sexual behavior could not be controlled, and basic surgery and circumcision in Malawi conducted by paramedic clinical officers. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)